Can Sustainable Energy and Fossil Fuel Co-Exist - 1389 Words

Can Sustainable Energy and Fossil Fuel Co-Exist? In recent years, the question of America’s power source has been the topic on more than a few dinner and boardroom tables across the country. In fact, it is even talked about in the offices of governors and the POTUS. The reason why so many people are raising this question is the rise in petroleum prices and the depletion of natural resources. The rising prices of petroleum is not a new thing; It has happening for decades, but the American people have begun to realize that its dependence on foreign oil has escalated over the years along with the cost of living which brings up the question of money and how to keep more of it in pocket. The argument of finding other ways to keep cars on the road, to keep homes heated in the winter, to keep homes cooled in the summer, planes flying, etc. has made people think outside the box; the â€Å"what if† factor has been slapped on the table along with a few â€Å"can we†, and a couple â€Å"of how comes†. For the most part, a lot of the answers are not new they are old with an added twist to revive them; for example, the wind power was being used by early farmers in the 1800s, steam and solar power had been dated back to the ancient Greeks. With the help of new technologies and studies, these old energy sources are becoming more popular as time goes on. The growth of sustainable energy, which includes Solar, Wind, Biomass, Biogas, and Geothermal, has become a major factor in the business of supplyingShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Climate Change Policy On Employment Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesrainfall patterns are shifting, and more extreme climate events, such as drought, flooding, are taking place. It is not a forecast anymore; greenhouse gases are intensifying the global warming. In 2013, 81.2% of the energy consumption in the world are produced by fossil fuel (International Energy Agency). Could you imagine how much greenhouse gases are produced? Ever since 1980s, scientist has found that the emission of the greenhouse gases is the major factor contributes to the global warming, which intensifyRead MoreSolar Panels, Hydropower, And Wind Turbines1159 Words   |  5 Pagesmost prevalent sources for energy is often ove rlooked. Biomass is a renewable and sustainable energy resource that uses organic materials to generate electricity. (Biomass Power Association.) Biomass energy is made from any form of previously-living material. This includes any animal material or product, all vegetation, and even human waste. Scrap lumber, forest debris, crops, manure, and even industrial wastes can all be utilized and turned into renewable energy through biomass. Often leftoverRead More Solutions to Global Warming Essay1503 Words   |  7 PagesYou hear about it from television news broadcasts. You read about it in newspapers and magazines. You talk about it with friends and co-workers. There have even been movies made about it. The â€Å"it† is global warming. â€Å"Global warming refers to the global-average temperature increase that has been observed over the last one hundred years or more† (Spencer). Some experts argue that global warming is a result of human activities, while others believe the warming and cooling of the Earth’s atmosphereRead MoreBiomimicry: Technology of the Future739 Words   |  3 Pagesrevol ution, which was a time during the 19th century when their was a widespread knowledge of fossil fuels, humans have been competing with nature. We have been competing with nature for who has the better claim on the land, because for millions of years, we were at the mercy of nature. With that being said, humans, having realized that we have many problems, then realized that we must work together with nature and exist on this planet as one. Now, instead of us fighting with nature, we look to nature toRead MoreEnergy Sources: Out with the Bad, In with the Renewable1810 Words   |  7 PagesEnergy sources, out with the bad in with the renewable. Currently in the U.S. we rely on non-renewable sources to produce our energy such as oil, coal, natural gas and nuclear energy. Although these methods do well producing energy, they also have large down falls environmental, economically, and in other ways that fail to show a promising future. This makes it necessary that we adapt alternative renewable energy methods that do not have these effects, and can insure a promising future. BecauseRead MoreRenewable Energy Sources Of Energy2600 Words   |  11 PagesThe worldwide demand of energy has been increasing considerably. Up to 2030, it is supposed to be 60% higher than today (B. SCHMITZ, 2013). Currently, non-renewable energy sources, like coal and oil, are more commonly used, since they are cheaper than renewable energies. In the European Union, 80% of the energy consumption demands are covered by fossil sources (B. SCHMITZ, 2013). But, non-renewable energy sources are running out and they are also very harmful for the environment, since they generateRead MoreRenewable Energy and Sustainable Development4969 Words   |  20 PagesRenewable Energy and Sustainable Development: an Overview PrakashS.V.* Abstract The Environmental problems that we face today require long-term potential actions for sustainable development. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions to this problem. The anticipated patterns of future energy use and consequent environmental impacts are comprehensively discussed, along with the potential solutions to current environmental problemsRead MoreAlternative Sources Of Alternative Energy3097 Words   |  13 Pages Alternative Energy by Gage R. Shots University of Southern Indiana Global Economic Issues 241 Section 003 Prof. Daria Sevastianova Due December 8, 2014 Alternative Energy Alternative energy is imperative to the continuation and advancement of the world. There will come a time where the unsustainable resources we use to power every aspect of our lives will cease to exist, or become uneconomical. In the same way, the pollutants given off by using these energy materials are believedRead MoreThe Consumption Of Crude Oil1684 Words   |  7 Pagesdamages the Earth s atmosphere, being responsible for the decline in the number of many species. Now, the consumption of crude oil is around 90 million barrels per day worldwide and it is certain that the consumption at such a rapid rate is not sustainable. That explains why some scientists and experts advocate migration to another planet which is ideal for living. However, it is far more practical for people to continue living on the Earth by prioritizing saving the Earth. It is a mission impossibleRead MoreSustainable Futures Act Recommendations Essay1275 Words   |  6 Pages Re: Sustainable Futures Act Recommendation Executive Summary: With the passage of the Sustainable Futures Act (SFA), a clear message has been sent to both the Nation and the Commonwealth of Kentucky. The SFA bans coal extraction, crucial to the Kentucky economy, while it does provide job training and economic support for those in coal mining areas, the bill will not be enough to spur new green growth in the Commonwealth. The two proposals: 1) Provide Mazda USA $500 million dollars to start production

My Christmas Day Free Essays

string(122) " This sentence sort of came out of the blue and you didn’t mention before who Brian was or continued talking about him\." Alaysha Green Mr. Raymond Villegas ENG 1010 Jan. 31, 2011 FYI: When you are writing papers, make sure everything is evenly spaced. We will write a custom essay sample on My Christmas Day or any similar topic only for you Order Now There should only be a double space between the information and the title My Christmas Day Of 2010 As I woke up with the sun’s rays in my eyes, I hit my phone alarm clock, which since it was ringing at 10 a. m. As I walked (the way you wrote this makes it a fragmented sentence. If you add a subject and change the verb it is not fragmented) down the beige hallway, into the ocean theme bathroom. I turned on the bathroom light, and turned then the water on to wash my face. When you have the same action in the same sentence to different objects you can eliminate the second verb so it doesn’t sound so repetitive After washing my face with warm and soapy water, I took my blue face towel to dry my face off. Good, great description Finished with my face, I realized that it was Christmas morning. This is a great revelation here. I was thinking it was a typical day so I’m glad you held off saying it was Christmas till later in your paragraph. It gives that feel that we (audience) are walking up with you and when we come to our senses we realize it’s Christmas. Good job. I walked down the hallway further to my son, Tydarrius’, Cars theme room filled with a car theme. Standing next to his bed, and waking him up, he jumped out of bed, and said â€Å"Yay! It’s Christmas†. He ran to the Christmas tree to turn on the bright and shining lights. He was amazed and dazzled with all the presents in the front of him. His eyes glistened and sparkled as he took the paper off the presents. Good paragraph. There were a few ways of writing some of the sentences you wrote but otherwise it was good Scuffing off to the freshly white painted living room to watch him, open his gifts, I told him. â€Å"I hope you like your gifts, baby†. When I read your draft in lab, it needed some work. Now I like the revisions that you have made to your draft. I can see a vast improvement When he got through with gift wrappings, we threw all of the wrappings in our black gallon size trash can. Sometime later, my mom and dad came over to the house. Tydarrius opened the big red front door with double locks on it for from (is from what you are trying to say here? ) them. Tydarrius and I hugged them and said â€Å"Merry Christmas†. As they walked in the door, they pulled out two gifts with snowman wrapping. Tydarrius ran to the gifts with great excitement and with speed. Tydarrius ripped open the presents. The first present he opened was a yellow and black motorcycle with driver. His second gift was a v-tech reader book called â€Å"What That Noise†. As he played with his toys, I wandered off from the family room directly into the my apple themed kitchen. I turned on the kitchen lights and started to cook on the white gas stove, cooking breakfast for my son and me. The aroma filled the air with the smell of scrambled eggs, crispy turkey bacon, and buttery grits with cheese. Good I laid his food on the Thomas and Friends plate ware which sits in dining room. I called him to the red oak square dining room table. He ate his food with the speed of lightening. Great paragraph The time was 12:00 p. m. , when we decided to go to my Aunt Shirley’s house for a visit. The sun still shined bright as we walked outside into the cold and crisp air to get into the light blue Nissan pathfinder. As we drove, I saw a lot of people smiling, laughing, and playing with their families. Kids were playing with their Christmas toys too. As the car stopped, we arrived in front of my aunt’s house. My father parked the truck in front of white picket fence of my aunt’s house. My aunt’s house is a brick house with wild flowers growing in and out the front and back yard. It’s surrounded by a bright, white, picket fence with an open and closed gate door to enter in. We arrived at her house at 12:45 p. m. As we walked in her house, she said, â€Å"Merry Christmas to you. † She offered us to sit down on the black leather sofa, in her Jungle themed living room. This is a great paragraph. Notice I didn’t have to make any corrections. In this paragraph. Everything flowed nicely. The house was filled with the aroma of delicious and tasteful foods like The food she cooked included fried chicken, honey baked ham, fried turkey, barbecue ribs, and fried pork chops. Her sides included were organized in a row and began with rice, collard greens, baked Mac-cheese, squash, green beans, macaroni salad, and pasta salad. Her desserts included There mouth watering deserts such as banana creme pies, pumpkin pies, sweet potato pies, and chocolate cakes. After a long visit at my aunt’s house, it was finally time at eat. We said the Lord’s prayer and ate. When the feast was over, we sat around and sang Christmas songs on the red oak piano in the dinner hall. We sung sang Christmas songs such as Frosty the Snowman, Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer, Silent Night, and Santa Claus is Coming To Town. I don’t think these words have to be underlined because they are not a book. I think they have to be italicized or used with quotation marks. You can check in your resource book Everyone sang all the songs okay, but little Brian from next door sang off key on purpose to get attention from everybody who was singing. This sentence sort of came out of the blue and you didn’t mention before who Brian was or continued talking about him. You read "My Christmas Day" in category "Essay examples" In this situation you have to ask yourself â€Å"What is the importance for having this sentence about Brian in my story. When the singing was over, we walked back into the living room to pursue more entertaining activities. You should begin a new paragraph here since you are no longer singing. Dancing is in the same genre as singing but it is an action entirely different and you switched to another room. Back in the family room we started a dancing contest which included everyone in t he house. We started dancing to old and new hip hop party music. As soon as the music started, my shy and quiet cousin, Jada, was embarrassed about dancing in front of people. I pulled her up off of the black leather sofa. At first she was standing there like a kid who forgot their line in a school play. Good analogy She took a deep breath and danced like a video diva on a BET music video. After dancing, we sat in the den and listened to a Christmas story called, â€Å"It Was the Night Before Christmas†. Everybody sat around my Aunt Shirley, like she was Santa Claus telling the story himself. As she told the story, everyone was as quiet as a mouse. When the story ended, everyone cheered as loud as people that were in a football stadium. Great analogies in this paragraph The time was now 3:00 p. when we decided to play a board game like Sorry and Pictionary. My cousins, Jada and J. D, and I played one game of Sorry together. The game started off with me in 1st place, Jada in 2nd, and J. D in 3rd place. I had 3 pegs on the board. I was red, Jada was blue and had 2 pegs on the board, J. D. was yellow and had 3 pegs on the board. As the game came to an end, I had all my pegs expect one. It was still on the board. My cousin, Jada, had 2 more pegs to get home. My cousin, J. D, had one more to get home. I passed J. D on the game board and won the game. Good. As you write this story it seems to get easier for you to tell it and describe what’s going on. In the beginning of the story your writing seemed forced but now it’s starting to relax. The next game we played was called Pictionary. We split up into two teams. One team included my Aunt Shirley, Cousin Jada, my mother Theresa, Robin, Patricia, and me. We called our team, The Divas. The next team, Ballers, included my father Danny, Alvin, Terrance, Josh, and family friend James. After a long struggle, team Diva won the game with 10 points. Ballers lost with 7 points. Both teams played an excellent game. There is a nice flow to this paragraph. I didn’t take part in Scramble, because I was tired and needed a break. So I sat in a kitchen chair to watch and listen to the Scramble match that was going on. I watched the Scramble match between my cousins, Jada, Terrance, Larry, and family friend James. Larry won the game. Jada came in 2nd place. James in 3rd place. Terrance lost completely, with no points on the board. He was cooler than a cucumber about the loss. Another great analogy After the game playing was over, I walked from the kitchen to the living room. I sat down on the black sofa in the living room with Cousin Jada as she talked about her new boyfriend. She seemed to be very happy and her face was as bright as northern lights in the night sky. As she talked about him to me, Jada described him as tall, dark-skinned, smart, and handsome man with powerful shoulders and muscles. I was very happy for her, but felt a little envy too. This was your strongest paragraph in the essay. Good job. After my long conversation with her, I walked slowly outside next to white picket fence, where my cousin J. D was standing. J. D. began talking about his plans after high school graduation. I stood there with him, because I wanted to listen to his ideas. He turned and asked me, â€Å"What choices do I have†? I replied to him, â€Å"You can get a job, go into military, or continue your education at Virginia College like me†. Then I told him,† I am very proud of you for coming so far†. J. D thanked me for believing in him. I said, â€Å"Remember to keep up the good work†. I walked back into the living room to look at the clock. The time was now 6 p. m. You should begin a new paragraph here My family and I told everybody goodbye. We strolled outside thru the gate and jumped into the blue Nissan Pathfinder truck. My parents took Tydarrius and me back home. They told us goodbye. They jumped back into the truck and left down the black concrete street. As we walked up the seven wooden stairs and into the house, I locked the front door behind us. Then we enjoyed the rest of the evening with each other. I liked your conclusion. I think you could have re-capped the day with your family a bit more. I was having so much fun hearing about the games, singing, dancing, and eating that I forgot your day began with just you and your little boy. A conclusion should include a little of everything you mentioned in your paper. Alaysha Wow! You have come a long way from the 1st draft that I read. There were a lot of editing mistakes and sentence structure mistakes in the beginning of the essay. Please continue to look things up in the reference book (smaller one than your book) to find the answers on correct sentence structure and grammar. In order to be prepared for my job, I have to go back to the resource book often. Rules do change so it’s a never ending battle of study. Also I highlighted some phrases or words in yellow that you use repeatedly. If you describe a room or situation in one way try describing another room in another way. Thank you for your hard work. Your grade is on the next page. 95%= A / -05 points for editing in the beginning of your paper. How to cite My Christmas Day, Essay examples

Financial Management Return with Australian Market

Question: Discuss about the Financial Management for Return with Australian Market. Answer: Introduction This assignment is divided into three parts. Part A describes factors for determining expected return of a portfolio and difference between selection and allocation of portfolio management. Part B includes market efficiency in the form of weak, semi strong and strong market and brief introduction of Capital Asset Pricing Model and Arbitrage Pricing Theory. And it also includes effects in equity returns with contest to Australian market. Part C included motives behind mergers and takeovers. Part A 1.i) Factors determine the expected return of a portfolio: Expected return can be determined by the weighted average of the profits of assets under the portfolio (Petty, Titman, Keown, Martin, Martin Burrow, 2015). Expected return of a portfolio can be calculated by following formula: Expected Return E(R) = W1R1 + W2R2 +. + WnRn Example: If there is two funds in a portfolio, one is stocks and another is bonds. The rate of return for stock fund is 6% and for bond fund is 10% and allocation of each asset is 50%, then expected return will be as follows: E (R) = (0.06)*(0.50) + (0.10)*(0.50) = 0.08 or 8% There are some factors which influence the rate of return of a portfolio, such as asset mix of investments, strategic and operational fundamentals of business and conditions of macroeconomic. Fiscal policy, regulations and political stability are some other factors which influence the expected return of portfolio (Zacks, 2011). 1.ii) Distinguish between selection and allocation in the context of portfolio management: Selection of portfolio is a process of strategic decision. Selection tells the ability of selecting securities from related benchmark sector. Selection process is used to ensure the maximum return on projects which have been selected (Morris Pinto, 2010). Portfolio selection is complex process which is used to select best option from available all alternatives. Allocation is the strategic tool of distributing investment portfolio across various assets. It tells about the ability by which assets can be allocated or distributed to various sectors or groups. It is a measuring tool of ability that how effectively assets are allocated. It is also known as decision process by which allocation might be strong or effective (Cooper, Edgett Kleinschmidt, 2001). Part B Notions of weak-form, semi-strong-form and strong-form of market efficiency: Available information can be measured by the use of market efficiency. It grants maximum opportunities to vendors and customers to effect transactions with least price of transaction (Villalta, 2012). If the market is efficient, no investor can earn extra profit. So it can be said that if market is efficient, no one beat the market. The 3 notions of market efficiency are (Market Efficiency): First is weak-form efficiency, under it recent price produce the information enclosed in past prices. In other words, it says that the recent price of stock reflects all the data of past market. To evaluate under-valued stocks, chart and technical analysis which reflects past prices would not be useful. The second form of market efficiency is semi-strong form, which states that the recent price reflects the information enclosed all public information like financial statements and reports and also include past information. This information is not useful in evaluating under-valued stocks. The third and last form of market efficiency is strong form efficiency, which states that the recent price shows all information (like public and private). So, investors would not be able to evaluate under-valued stocks. Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM): It is mathematical approach to evaluate profitability of financial asset. It is used to calculate return on an asset, relative to risk involved (Saeger, 2015). Return and risk are simultaneous to each other. If the risk is more, the return would be higher and chances of losses would be offset with it. Finance professionals use capital asset pricing model to calculate return on investments. The main objective of capital asset pricing model is to inform the investors about profitability and risk available with financial asset in which they want to invest. Capital asset pricing model consider the financial risk factor. (Source: Beta, Capital Asset Pricing Model, thismatter.com) The above graph shows that risk free rate is 4%. If beta is zero then it is equal to risk free rate while beta is more than zero then risk is equal to the market. Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT): Arbitrage pricing theory is asset pricing approach. Return on asset can be determined by studying the association between that assets and risk factors involved. To evaluate asset value based on law of one price and no arbitrage, arbitrage pricing theory is used (Koch, 2009). APT is also known as alternative model of CAPM. Some assumptions taken under arbitrage pricing theory are as follows (Lecture 6: Arbitrage Pricing Theory): All securities have probable values and variances. Diversified portfolios can be formed by some agents. Taxes will not applicable. Transaction costs will not apply. Patterns (effects) in equity returns: In the past thirty years the founders have found out a various cross sectional patterns related to return on equity are called effect. For Example effect of volume, price effect related to cash flow and influential effect and liquidity effect. The same research has shown that CAPM model cannot clarify model in equity returns. So these patterns are termed as anomalies, because they are not dependable with the joint assumption of market competence. Both Fama and French argued that CAPM is misspecified and they suggest a new three-factor model to clarify return on equity, which is known as FamaFrench model. This factor is an argument of the CAPM model with further factors. It captures the premium of return of big company under small company and of low B/M industry under high B/M industry (Gharghori, Lee Veeraraghavan, 2009). Effects seen in the Australian market: As per studies in 1993 and 1996, Fama and French shows that capital asset pricing model is effectively working in USA. The adjusted r2s derived from their regressions are approximately 8090 %. Fama and French model clarify various CAPM anomalies as outcome of their work and related studies made by other researchers. The Fama and French model have turn into fairly. There is a restraint in Australian investigation is that the asset pricing models are experienced on a big number of portfolio, and B/M portfolios can be used to test portfolios the next Fama and French. The market of Australia is very small compared to US market and the market contains only few stocks. So it can be said that to test the model on a huge number of portfolio, it is not suitable. The main reason is that the normal divergence of the portfolio income is too high as the no of stocks in the portfolio is very little this will prejudice the analysis that the model is rejected. So it is important to examine the model on lesser number of portfolios. In this study, model can be tested on a much lesser number of portfolios. Main objective behind their work is that if the model gives good description about equity returns then it will be able to explain the returns of the test portfolio created by sorts on which is recognized CAPM anomaly. The model will be accepted because it explains the returns on many sets of test portfolios in the USA and the Australian research has not tested the FamaFrench model on the groups of portfolios which is formed by sorting on a broad variety of firm feature. So the second motivator to test the model on portfolio which is created by sorts the characteristics which is known to give details the cross-sectional difference in equity returns in order to inspect whether the model explain any experiential belongings. Finally, in 2007 Gharghori find a pathetic proof of a leverage effect and various studies of Australia have examined the volume, B/M and liquidity effects and the majority of the findings are consistent with the determining Australian text. Hence it is less proof about the E/P and leverage effect in Australia and according to information, print work on the C/P effect. So an inspiration of the current study is to reinstate whether the size, B/M, E/P, C/P, leverage and liquidity effects subsist in Australia (Gharghori, Lee Veeraraghavan, 2009). Part C Motives behind mergers and takeovers: Merger: When two or more companies agreed to combine into one company, it is known as merger. Under merger two or more similar companies merged with each other and worked combined. Takeover: When a large company acquires or purchases a smaller company, it is known as takeover. Under takeover large company which acquires smaller company, takes full control over the smaller company. Motives for mergers and takeovers are divided into three main groups by Johnson Scholes (Riley, 2012), which are as follows: (1) Strategic (2) Financial (3) Managerial Strategic motives: These motives are easily justified and the transactions are mostly significant and essential. Success will not be guaranteed only if there is a strong intentional motive. The management of process of integration may be poor, wrong target may be chosen or price paid is of higher value. Financial motives: Financial Goal is a key element in all takeovers and mergers all are intended to attain a acceptable rate of return for the investment and danger been taken, however, there may be situation when the reason behind the transaction is monetary rather than planned. The financial returns are very important and it derives the deal. Managerial motives: When any merger or takeover fails, then it can be traced back and called them as managerial motives. Takeover is a bad news for a shareholder of a business, this transaction of merger and takeover destroys the amount of shareholder value. 1.b). Corporate control means the right to appoint, fires and set the payment is set for the managers who holds top position. When the bidding company takeoff the firm; the controlling privileges of the firm which is acquired are transfer to the acquiring firm BOD. The controlling rights are retained by the corporate boards and they hand over the privileges to supervise the corporate wealth to the managers. So the resources of the target are managed by acquiring firm top management. Takeover can be done by 3 methods like tender offer, merger, through proxy contest, and most of the time all the 3 elements are present. In merger the company who is bidding offer to the company to buy common stock at a value which is surplus of the target firm earlier MV. And when talk about mergers they are manage with the target managers directly it is approved by the BOD of the target company before the vote of shareholders approval. Tender offer means directly buy the shares of shareholders who make a decision on their own whether they wanted to give their shares for sale. Proxy contests take place when a dissatisfied group mostly led by an unhappy manager or by large stockholder and they attempt to increase the seats on the BOD of the target firm (Jensen Ruback, 1983). An overview of the issues and evidence: Mannes article initiated an interest in how controlling market attracts big corporation, and in a lot of cases the information about many facets of the market for corporate control has enlarged significantly. Technical information about the business takeover market provides the answer of the question stated below: How large the shareholders of both the firms of gains? Due to opposition of the bids by the manager of target firms it diminishes the stakeholder prosperity? Does antitrust resistance to takeovers compel costs on merger firms? Whether proxy contests exaggerated shareholder wealth? Voting rights of the corporate are precious? Short evidences provide a supportive guide to the more in depth conversation that follow. Many studies guess that what are the effects of mergers on the stock prices the participate companies. There are 2 tables 1, 2 and they present a prcis of changes in the prices of stocks for both winning and failed takeover in the study. The returns in the tables represent our mixture of the evidence. Table 1 Abnormal percentage stock price change linked With winning company takeovers Takeover technique Target (%) Bidders (%) Tender offers 30 4 Mergers 20 0 Proxy contests 8 n.a. Table 2 Abnormal percentage stock price changes associated With unsuccessful corporate takeover bids(1). Takeover technique Target (%) Bidders (%) Tender offers -3 -1 Mergers -3 -5 Proxy contests 8 n.a. Table 1 depicts that target firms has a winning takeovers experience statistically important and the prices are changed twenty percent in mergers and thirty percent in abnormal tender offers. The firm which is acquiring realizes a major abnormal profit of four percent of in tender offers and zero in mergers. And the second table depicts that together the companies that is bidders and targets suffers a little negative abnormal stock cost change in failed merger and tender offer takeovers, even though only the -5% return for failed bidders in mergers is considerably dissimilar as of zero. Stockholders holding proxy contests in the corporation earn normal abnormal returns of about eight percent. It was astonished that these returns are not significantly lesser when the uprising group lose the competition. The difference under the large stock price increase for winning target firms and the irrelevant stock price changes for failed targets indicate that the profit of mergers are realize only when power of the target firms assets is transfer to a acquiring firm. It suggest that the target firm stockholders have harmed when the managers of the target oppose the takeover bid and take additional measures that decrease the chances of winning acquisition. Moreover, the target managers have been changed when, the takeover loses control, reputation and the manual capital of organization, and they can resist the takeover bid still. They take advantage significantly from the acquisition. When management resist to a bid it will gain stockholders when it lead to a superior takeover cost or else the prices of stock is greater than before. When the management resist it effects on share shareholder prosperity and it is an experiential substance. Under corporate finance, study the effect of corporate networks on the takeover process. And it can be seen that the companies which are better connected are more active bidders. When both the companies have one or more directors in common, there will be chance that the transaction will be completed successfully without arguments and the time taken in the negotiation is very short. The connected targets frequently accept offers that involve equity. The worth of the information of the directors network consist of directors ability how they collect the information which is non public about the target or bidder and the synergies in an MA. corporations who have superior information can access (through networks) are and they discover precious targets and can start more takeovers. Merger and Acquisition (MA) frequency: The 1st question that is asked is that the takeovers occur between the firms having familiar directors? It may be possible that the firms, who want to take over another firm, offer a directorship to any director of a potential target or bidder, respectively. One of the important issues of negotiation is the payment method it may be in cash, equity or a mixture of both. So it all depends on market conditions, the acquiring company policy which he adopts against the target company that the takeovers increase the value of the target, or the bidder company, or its aggregate market value (Renneboog Zhao, 2014). References: Cooper, R. G., Edgett, S. J. Kleinschmidt, E. J. (2001). Portfolio Management for New Products: Basic Books Gharghor, P., Lee Roland and Veeraraghavan, M. (2009) Anomalies and stock returns: Australian evidence, Accounting and Finance, Vol. 49 pp 555 576. Jensen, M. C. Ruback, R. S. (1983). The Market For Corporate Control, Journal of Financial Economics. Vol. 11(April): 5-50. Koch, C. (2009). The Arbitrage Pricing Theory as an Approach to Capital Asset Valuation: GRIN Verlag Lecture 6: Arbitrage Pricing Theory. Retrieved on 23 Aug 2016 from: https://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/papanikolaou/htm/finc460/ln/lecture6.pdf Market Efficiency Definition And Tests. Retrieved on 23 Aug 2016 from: https://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/New_Home_Page/invemgmt/effdefn.htm Morris, P. Pinto, J. K. (2010). The Wiley Guide to Project, Program, and Portfolio Management. Volume 10 of The Wiley Guides to the Management of Projects: John Wiley Sons Petty, J. W., Titman, S., Keown, A. J., Martin, P., Martin, J. D. Burrow, M. (2015). Financial Management:Principles and Applications. (ed. 6): Pearson Higher Education AU Renneboog, L. Zhao, Y. (2014). Director networks and takeovers, Journal of Corporate Finance, Vol. 28: 218234. Riley, J. (2012). The Main Motives Behind Takeovers And Mergers. Retrieved on 24 Aug 2016 from: https://www.tutor2u.net/business/blog/the-main-motives-behind-takeovers-and-mergers Saeger, A. D. (2015). Capital Asset Pricing Model: Build the most efficient portfolio. Volume 22 of Management Marketing: 50 Minutes.COM Spaulding, W. C. (2016). Capital Asset Pricing Model. Retrieved on 12 September 2016 from: https://thismatter.com/money/investments/capital-asset-pricing-model.htm Villalta, T. (2012). The Large-Cap Portfolio: Value Investing and the Hidden Opportunity in Big Company Stocks. Volume 177 of Bloomberg Financial: John Wiley Sons Zacks. (2011). Finance:What Factors Influence the Rates of Return on an Investment?. Retrieved on 23 Aug 2016 from: https://finance.zacks.com/factors-influence-rates-return-investment-1420.html

Vision and Hearing free essay sample

Proprioception is like a third sensory modality that supplies feedback to the solely on the status of the body internally, the first two senses being interoceptive and exteroceptive. The proprioceptive ability that one possesses is the sense that specifies whether the body is moving at the required effort , as well as other body parts are positioned in relation to each other. The ability to estimate weight of an object, the force and time at which our muscles must be contracted are examples of our proprioceptive ability. Examples of proprioceptors are muscle spindles also called stretch receptors and their associated 1a axons. These receptors make up the somatic sensory system that is focus on body sense or proprioception. The muscle spindle consists of several types of speacialized skeletal muscle fibers that are contained within a fibrous capsule. In the middle region of this fibrous capsule group 1a axons are wrapped around the muscle fibre on the spindle. We will write a custom essay sample on Vision and Hearing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Group 1a axons are the fastest and largest of the group 1 axons, which are also the thickest myelinated axons in the body. When a weight is placed on a muscle , the muscle lengthen and the muscle spindles are stretched. The stretching causes of the spindle causes depolarization of the 1a axons endings, this is caused by mechanosensitve ion channels. The 1a axons enter the enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root, from here they branch repeatedly and then form synapsese on both interneurons and alpha motor neurons of the ventral horns. The alpha motor neurons react by increasing its action potential frequency, this then causes the muscle to contract. The muscle spindle also contains intrafusal fibers and receive their motor innervation by a different type of lower motor neuron called Gamma motor neurons. When the extrafusal muscle contracts it becomes shorter, the intrafusal fiber also becomes shorter, this means that the 1 axons become silent and would no longer provide information about muscle length. However this is where the gamma motor neurons become activated at innervate the intrafusal muscle fibre at either end of the spindle. This causes contraction of the muscle spindle, therefore pulling on the noncontractile equatorial region and keep the 1a axons active. Another source of proprioceptive input in the skeletal muscle is the golgi tendon organ, which monitors muscle tension or force of contraction. The golgi tendon organs are situated in series with the muscle fiber and spindle and is located at the junction of the muscle. A special feature about this source is that it is innervated by 1b sensory axons, which are a little bit smaller than 1a axons. The different anatomical arrangements between the muscle fiber and the golgi tendon organ is what distinguishes the type of information it provides. The 1a axons from the muscle spindle offers muscle length information, the golgi tendon organ give muscle tension. The 1b axons enter the spinal cord, where they branch repeatedly and then synapse on interneurons in the ventral horn. Some of these interneurons connect with the alpha motor neurons which are inhibitory. This is usually called reverse myotatic reflex. There are certain factors that can influence our perception and sensation, this includes, alcohol, drugs and nerve damage. These factors can disrupt the proprioceptive ability by decreasing the feedback quality.

Unfair Treatment for Native Americans essays

Unfair Treatment for Native Americans essays Unfair Treatment for Native Americans Our forefathers forced thousands Native Americans were forced to leave their homes. They faced massacres that caused their population to decrease immensely. Between 1880-1980 half of Native American Children was drove form their home to boarding schools hundreds of miles away to be deculturized. Native American babies were adopted into Euro-American families and were never to find out who they were or where they originated from. Less than thirty years ago the United States Indian Health Service (IHS) conducted a program of involuntary sterilization that effected approximately forty percent of all Indian Women. IHS also gave Alaskan children the hepatitis B vaccine, a banned vaccine that correlates with the HIV virus. Thousands suffered and died of malnutrition and disease due to the circumstances America created. America surely bent over backwards to kill off the Indian population. At about the junior high age level Children will learn about the Holocaust, a time period when Germans liquidated thousands of innocent Jews. United States schools will stress how awful this was and how evil the Germans were. While this may be true, the United States has alike history with Germany. School children are not taught how cruel and evil our forefathers were. Some of the German leaders were hung after the Holocaust for their Crimes against humanity. No one was ever punished for all of the wrong doing to the Native American people. While what Americans did to the Native Americans may not be as extreme as the Holocaust, it is not excusable. What America did was indeed a Crime against Humanity. Today the United States Native Names are used to name professional sports teams such- Atlanta Braves, Cleveland Indians and Washington Redskins. Along with the team names the U.S. Also uses the Indian mascots such as- feathers, beads, buckskins, spears, etc. Despite th...

Hurlyburly Play Character Analysis

Hurlyburly Play Character Analysis If Hollywood were a large stone in the middle of a swamp, then David Rabe’s Hurlyburly represents all of the creepy crawlers and slimy disgusting gunk you find underneath the rock. This darkly comic drama is set in the Hollywood Hills. It tells the story of four miserable, self-destructive bachelors, each of whom is pursuing careers in the film industry. They don’t seem the ambitious types, however. The bachelors (Eddie, Phil, Mickey, and Artie) spend their time drinking, womanizing, and ingesting a shocking amount of cocaine. All the while, Eddie - the central character - wonders why his life is slowly rotting away to nothing. The Male Characters Eddie:It is debatable whether or not Eddie and his cohorts learn anything by the conclusion. But the audience gets the picture: Don’t be like Eddie. During the play’s beginning Eddies spends his morning snorting cocaine and eating slightly molded Hostess Snowballs. Eddie desires a steady romance with Darlene (who sometimes dates his roommate). However, once he establishes a committed relationship, he subconsciously dismantles it with his paranoia. Eddie’s life is a ping-pong match, going from meaningless one-night-stand and drug binges to a â€Å"grown-up† life as an up-and-coming casting director. Ultimately, he is unhappy with both sides and takes solace in the belief that his friends are more pathetic than he is. But as he loses his friends, he begins losing the desire to live. Phil:Eddie’s best friend Phil is a fledgling actor and complete loser. During Act One, Phil can’t understand his own aggressive behavior. He verbally and physically abuses women, including the woman he marries and has a child with. As the play continues, Phil’s violence escalates. He picks fights with strangers, bullies his friends, and shoves a blind date out of a moving car! There are few redeeming qualities about Phil, yet he does achieve one sympathetic moment. In Act Two, he holds his baby daughter. As he shows her to his friends he wonders dreamily about her gaze and her smile. He says of children, â€Å"Yes. They are very honest.† It’s a touching moment - one that seems to hint that perhaps Phil will not continue down his dangerous path. Sadly, the hint deceives the audience. In Act Three, Phil’s character embraces oblivion, driving his car off Mulholland Drive. Artie:Artie feels slighted that he isn’t very close to Eddie. Every time he tells Eddie about his latest Hollywood pitch, Eddie is openly pessimistic about Artie’s chances. Yet Artie proves him wrong by finally getting a production deal. Artie’s personality also develops for the better. During Act One, he is as chauvinistic as Eddie and Phil. He finds a homeless teenager living in a hotel elevator. He takes her in, uses her for about a week, and then leaves her at Eddie’s house as a â€Å"present.† despite this disgusting behavior, Artie changes during Act Two after Phil treats his blind date, Bonnie, with such cruelty. Artie gains respect for Bonnie and, instead of using her as an object, he wants to spend time with Bonnie and her child at Disneyland. Mickey:Mickey is the most cold-hearted of the four men. He is also the most level-headed. He doesn’t share Eddie’s addictive behavior, nor does he rampage like the testosterone-driven Phil. Rather, he steals girlfriends from his so-called buddies only to break-up with the women days later. Nothing is terribly important to Mickey. When Eddie is desperately grief-stricken, Mickey tells him to simply get over it. When Eddie is faced with the death of a loved one, Mickey tries to convince him that it wasn’t such a loss. And when Eddie asks, â€Å"What kind of friendship is this?† Mickey replies, â€Å"An adequate one.† The Female Characters All the men treat the women characters so harshly it might be easy to mistake Hurlyburly as misogynistic. After all, the females are portrayed as drug addicts and willing objects of easily-won sexuality. (Which is a fancy way of saying they sleep with a guy five minutes after meeting him). However, despite their obvious flaws, the females in Hurlyburly are the savior characters. Bonnie offers insight and advice to the degenerative Eddie. She also gives Artie a glimpse of a â€Å"normal† sort of relationship, inspiring hope for a more balanced life. Darlene, Eddie’s somewhat serious girlfriend, is the least interesting character, but perhaps that’s simply because she has the most self-respect. All of the other characters are so demented, It’s easy not to notice the quirk-less Darlene, but she plays an important role as Eddie’s prime motive for a less destructive lifestyle. Ultimately, however, she has enough self-esteem to walk away from Eddie, thereby evaporating his motivation. Donna, the homeless teenager, accidentally makes the biggest positive impact. After wandering across California for a year, she returns to Eddie’s house. She arrives on the night Eddie is incredibly high and contemplating suicide. The girl has no idea that Eddie is experiencing these dark thoughts. Nonetheless, thanks to Donna’s philosophical speech about how she thinks the universe works, Eddie realizes that everything in the cosmos pertains to him, that he connected to all things, but it is up to him to decide what those things represent. Donna’s words calm him down, and the drug-crazed, less-than-zero Eddie can finally get some sleep. The question is: What kind of life will he wake up to in the morning? Note to Drama Departments As the character descriptions indicate, Hurlyburly is an intense drama featuring several challenging characters. Although high-school drama departments and family-oriented theaters should stay away from David Rabe’s play due to its language and subject matter, college departments and daring regional theaters should certainly check out this edgy play.

DQ #5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DQ #5 - Essay Example Lastly, the pie chart is important in showing the competitive position of a company against its competitors. Shares of companies in an industry are illustrated through pie chart as well as the contribution of sales among geographic locations. Misleading graphs becomes a problem in portraying the real situation. This is as worse as distorting the data set as these are both done in order to exaggerate and convey wrong information to the reader. The graph on the equity market posted on Yahoo finance (http://finance.yahoo.com/marketupdate/overviewu) is an example of a misleading graph. It should be noted that the Dow and Nasdaq markets are shown in two line graphs which uses different intervals. Also, the graphs are misleading because the horizontal axes did not start at zero making the movements in composite price indices appear very large even if this is not the case. This problem can be remedied by displaying the performances of Dow and Nasdaq on one graph. Also, the horizontal axis should start at zero in order to give investors an appropriate view on the changes in composite price indices. The use of focus group can be very helpful in gathering qualitative data especial

Crash Cultural Identity Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crash Cultural Identity Assignment - Essay Example The fact, that he was brave enough to fight with the guy, who tried to steal his car, became the evidence of the inner change, which had happened to Cameron. At the same time, it should be noted, that the characters put their cultural identity not only in their group, but they also want to be accepted and acknowledged in all cultural groups. On the other hand, the characters, who are supposed negative, as Ryan (the policemen, who has sexually assaulted Christine, Cameron's wife) or the attorney's wife Jean, being extremely impatient towards any other race except her own, also try to put themselves forward not only in their cultural group, but in others as well. Ryan not only wants to be the best among his co-workers, who are of Caucasian race, he also wants to show his superiority over other races, and thus make them understand his significance in terms of all races. The issue of cultural identity is shown to be manipulated through the scene in the attorney's office.

Residential broadband market overview Essay Example for Free

Residential broadband market overview Essay Limestone is a rock of which was once the bones and shells of sea animals. These died and collected as sediments at the bottom of seas, oceans and lakes. Chemical name: Calcium carbonate Chemical formula: CaCo3 Alternative names: Chalk, marble Limestone can be used to prepare a number of new materials. For this to happen limestone must undergo endothermic decomposition. Thermal decomposition is used on a large scale in industry to manufacture chemicals. When limestone undergoes thermal decomposition it produces Quicklime (CaO) Quicklime is produced in refractory-lined kilns. In most kilns, limestone is fed in at the top of the shaft and quicklime is drawn from the bottom. Air is blown in at the base and burns with fuels part of the way up the kiln. The products of combustion of the fuel is mostly carbon dioxide gas which escapes through vents at the top of the shaft. Various fuels are used e. g. coil, oil, natural gas and coke depending on the local fuel costs. The temperature created by these fuels reaches over 1000? C in the middle of the kiln. Most modern kilns produce up to 300 tonnes/day of quicklime. Most quicklime is sold as a granular product but there is a growing market for the finely crushed solid. Limestone is one of the worlds most common minerals. Because it is cheap and readily available it forms an important part of many other minerals. Once limestone has been converted to quicklime, the quicklime is used to form slaked lime. Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) is made by adding a little water to quicklime. Powdered limestone:   Put in lakes to neutralize acids in the water Put on soil to neutralize acid soil. All rocks are made up of different minerals. In other words, minerals are the chemical constituents of rocks although you cant easily tell what their chemical composition is from their names. Sedimentary rocks are made of sediment formed when all other types of rock wear down (erosion) or break down because of the effects of weather (weathering). The particles of rock are transported by water or wind or ice to a low point on the earth (a sea or a valley). Gradually, over millions of years, they are converted to rock. The particles of rock form layers of sediment. Gradually more and more layers form on top of each other over thousands of years. The weight of the layers on top causes the bottom layers to be pressed together or compressed so the particles fuse together. This is called CEMENTATION. Over millions of years the layers of rock build up into what are called strata. Particles can be rubbed of sedimentary rock because it is the softest type of rock. Different sized particles form different kinds of rock. Very fine particles like mud form mudstone. Larger grains like sand form sandstone. Gravel and pebbles form conglomerates. Sedimentary rocks like Shale can be formed under the sea also. The shells from millions of tiny marine animals can build up on the sea floor. These shells are made from calcium carbonate. When these shells become slowly compressed together they form the rock limestone. When acid is added to this rock, it fizzes. As sediments collects, the bodies of plants or animals fall into them. The bodies become buried and gradually turn to rock as there is no oxygen gas to allow them to rot. Over millions of years these bodies turn into fossils. Fossils are only found in sedimentary rocks. When liquid rock is beneath the surface of the earth it is called magma, but when it comes out of the ground it is called lava. When they cool, they become solid and form the rocks we call igneous rocks. Magma and lava are made up of compounds called silicates. They are made from the elements silicon and oxygen, as well as other elements like aluminium and magnesium. As the liquid rock cools it forms crystals. The size of the crystals depends on how quickly it cools. Granite is formed when magma cools slowly under the ground so it has large interlocking crystals. This is called an intrusive igneous rock. When lava is erupted from a volcano it cools rapidly in the air so it has small interlocking crystals. This is called an extrusive igneous rock. An example of this type of rock is basalt. The structure of existing rocks can be changed by contact with magma or great pressure from underground. When this happens, the rock is said to have metamorphosed. (This just means changed. ) Any kind of rock can metamorphose. Clay and Shale (which are sedimentary rocks) can be changed by pressure until they become slate. This allows the slate to be split into layers easily. This is one reason why slate can be used for roofing material. If slate is then heated even more and put under more pressure it forms a rock with bands of interlocking crystals. This rock is called Schist. Limestone is turned into marble when the high temperatures underground break up the shells and they then reform as smooth, hard crystals. Scientists think ha the earth has been in existence for about 4500 million years. In the beginning, the surface was liquid, but gradually it cooled enough for a solid crust to form. (About 3700 million years ago). The earth has had an atmosphere of gasses since it was formed but the types and amounts of each gas has changed. The earths crust is much thicker under the continents than under the oceans. Continental crust is about 40km thick compared to 10km for the crust under the oceans. Below the crust is a semi-liquid area called the mantle. The centre of the earth is called the core and it is made of the metals Iron and Nickel. Because different parts of the earths crust are moving slowly in different directions, huge stresses and strains are set up. These can cause the rocks to become tilted, folded (bent) or faulted (split). They may even be turned upside down. Sedimentary rocks are softer than other types of rocks and fold more easily when compressed (squashed). If this happens on a large scale, then Fold mountains like the Alps or Himalayas are formed. A downward dip or fold is called a Syncline and an arch is called an Anticline. Brittle rocks fracture (fault) under stress. The earths crust is not a continuous layer but is made up of many separate units called Tectonic Plates. The plates move by convection currents in the molten rock of the Mantle. This moves the plates very slowly at the rate of a few centimetres a year. Over millions of years the continents have separated to reach their present positions. When an oceanic plate moves below a continental plate, the rock gets very hot and melts to form Magma. This then reaches the surface in Volcanoes. Also, where the oceanic plate moves downwards, a very deep area of sea floor is formed. These types of areas are called Ocean Trenches. Formation of coal and oil: In the carboniferous Era, which lasted 65 million years and ended 280 million years ago: The British Isles was on the equator. The land was tropical forest. Coal was made from dead animals and plants. The plants did not rot because they got covered in mud so no oxygen could get to them. The coal seams were formed by weight of new deposits squashed the tree layers into thin seams. Coal was formed 280 million years ago. Fractional Distillation: When oil is pumped from the ground it is as a thick, black, foul smelling substance called Crude Oil. It is a mixture of chemicals called hydrocarbons. A mixture is just a mix of chemicals. The many hydrocarbons in crude oil may be separated into individual chemicals called Fractions by a process called Fractional Distillation. Crude oil is a mixture of Hydrocarbons. They can be separated by putting the oil into a fractioning column. The crude oil is heated on its way into the column so that the oil is evaporated. This turns the liquid into a gas. The vapour then moves into the column. The chemicals with the least/most?molecules (more carbon atoms) move to the top e. g. petrol. As the molecules become heavier, their boiling points increase. Once at the correct temperature the vapour condenses to a liquid and is run off. Crude oil contains most fuel and bitumen yet we do not need it all. We need lots of petrol (which contains 5-10 carbon atoms) but we have too much fuel oil etc. (over 70 carbon atoms), so what we do is this. We break up large useless molecules to make small, useful molecules like petrol by a process called cracking. Paraffin is a general name for a group of long hydrocarbons used as fuels. If mixed with pieces of porous porcelain as a catalyst, it can be made to undergo thermal decomposition or cracking. Porous means lots of holes, which gives a large surface area. Thermal decomposition means breaking something down with heat. Fractional distillation of petroleum (crude oil) produces different products because petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons. The compound in each fraction have similar boiling points. The fractions with higher boiling points tend to contain molecules with more carbon atoms. These bigger molecules are long chained and have larger molecular masses. When these are burnt they produce sooty flames. They are very viscous (syrup-like). As a result there is high demand for smaller molecules and less demand for these massive molecules. The oil industry tries to balance the problems of supply and demand by converting the less saleable fractions into saleable fractions. The main way in which this is done is by the process known as cracking. The reactions are usually carried out at high temperature using a catalyst. We have seen that when large hydrocarbon molecules are broken open, or cracked, they produce smaller molecules like Ethene. It is possible to join lots of Ethene molecules together to form a type of plastic. Simple building blocks like the paper clip (or Ethene) are called MONOMERS. When they are made into a long line of units we call it a POLYMER. The process which converts lots of Monomers to a Polymer is called PLYMERISATION. Common polymers include plastics, fibres and rubber. The elements present in Ethene monomers are hydrogen and carbon. What happens to convert monomers to polymers? Double bond breaks open during polymerisation. The name of the polymer made from Ethene is polyethene. Polyethene is more commonly known as polythene. Another type of plastic is called Polyvinyl Chloride PVC for short, is strong, hard and less flexible than polythene. It is used to make pipes, guttering and electrical insulation. Combustion is another word for burning. Burning is a chemical reaction in which materials react with heat. The equation for burning is: Fuel + oxygen = CO2 + water + energy. If there is not enough oxygen in the air, the fuel dies not burn fully and the poisonous gas Carbon Monoxide is formed. Several people are killed each year due to poisoning by carbon monoxide from badly ventilated gas fires. Some fuels also contain Sulphur e.g. Coal. When this burns, it produces the gas sulphur dioxide. Sulphur + oxygen = sulphur dioxide. When this gas dissolves in rain, it produces acid rain. Waste gases from the exhausts of motor vehicles are also released into the atmosphere. They are also responsible for making the rain acidic and they pollute the air. Oxygen gas is:   Colourless and odourless   Molecules are diatomic   Approx. same density as air.   Essential for combustion and respiration   Reacts with most metals and non-metals to form oxides. Test for glowing oxygen = glowing splint re-lighting. Oxygen is a by-product of photosynthesis. Oxides can be acidic, basic (alkaline) or neutral. The link between the terms alkali and base is that an alkali is a base which dissolves in water. Non-metals form acidic oxides. Metals form alkaline oxides. Many metals and non-metals are found as oxides in the earths crust. They are called ores. When elements react with oxygen it is called oxidation. During respiration and combustion, oxygen is used up and carbon dioxide is released back in to he air. All of the air is not used up because plants use up the carbon dioxide and release oxygen when they make their food by photosynthesis or respiration? This process has been happening for thousand of years. However, in the last 200 years, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased because:   There are many people on earth.   We have burned millions of tonnes of fuel   We have cut down thousands of square miles of forest. The carbon dioxide is acting like a blanket around the earth and it is trapping the heat from the sun, which leads to a raising of the earths temperature. This is called the greenhouse effect. Acid rain is made when acid gases dissolve in rain. Carbon dioxide is made when carbon burns in the oxygen in the air. When coal is burned it releases the gas sulphur dioxide. This also makes acid rain because it dissolves in rain to form sulphuric acid. Inside car engines, the temperature is hot enough to make nitrogen and oxygen join together to make nitrogen oxides. These dissolve in rain to make nitric acid. When acid rain falls on the earth it has the following effects: Stonework on building is dissolved and crumbles away   The water in rivers and lakes becomes too acidic so plants and animals die You could reduce the acid level in rivers and lakes by putting limestone in it. The gases in the atmosphere originally came from volcanoes. The gases produced were carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, argon etc. There is not hydrogen left in the atmosphere because it was so light it evaporated and escaped. Distillation of oil: 1. Vaporisation the thick oil is heated to from vapour/gas 2. Separation lighter molecules move upwards and heavy molecules sink. Lighter molecules move upwards to the coolest region at the top. There is a temperature and density gradient. 3. Condensation the vapour is cooled to form a liquid (or solid).

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

During Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, it is apparent to be an absurd time for the wealthy. The shallowness of money, riches, and a place in a higher social class were probably the most important components in most lives at that period of time. This is expressed clearly by Fitzgerald, especially through his characters, which include Myrtle Wilson, Tom and Daisy Buchanan, and of course, Jay Gatsby. This novel was obviously written to criticize and condemn the ethics of the rich.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first character who represents the shallowness of the wealthy is Myrtle Wilson, even though she is not wealthy at all. She seeks to escape her own class and stoops to the low point of betraying her trusting husband who loves her more than anything. Her attempt to break into the higher class that Tom belongs to is doomed to fail. Even though she does take on Tom's way of living during their affair, she only becomes more vulgar and corrupt like the rich. She scorns people from her own class and loses all sense of morality. Myrtle never finds a place in Tom's higher social division, and what reveals her impertinence most is that she thought she would succeed in the first place, giving up all her morals for the wealthy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Undoubtedly, Tom and Daisy Buchanan exceedingly demonstrate the wealthy class's lack of integrity. Their lives are filled with material comforts and luxuries and completely empty of true purpose. Daisy's lament is especially indicative of this: 'What'll we do with ourselves this afternoon? And the day after that? And the next thirty years?'; Daisy also exhibits her shallowness when she is too restless to wait for her 'love', Gatsby, to return from he war, and she marries Tom. Her most drastic immoral action is committed when she runs over Myrtle and does not even bother to stop and help a person that is 'below' her. Daisy's husband, Tom shows his ridiculous morality in different ways. One way is his search for power, which is shown most through his affair with Myrtle and his possessiveness. He evidently feels further domination and masculinity when he has her, a woman of lower class, as his mistress. Secondly, Tom Buchanan is shallow enough to think that everything and everyone he has in his life are part of his property. This increases his 'power' and makes him feel as if he is truly successful. This couple, Tom and Daisy certainly contain serious corruptness due to their shallowness and self-indulgence. F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers During Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, it is apparent to be an absurd time for the wealthy. The shallowness of money, riches, and a place in a higher social class were probably the most important components in most lives at that period of time. This is expressed clearly by Fitzgerald, especially through his characters, which include Myrtle Wilson, Tom and Daisy Buchanan, and of course, Jay Gatsby. This novel was obviously written to criticize and condemn the ethics of the rich.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first character who represents the shallowness of the wealthy is Myrtle Wilson, even though she is not wealthy at all. She seeks to escape her own class and stoops to the low point of betraying her trusting husband who loves her more than anything. Her attempt to break into the higher class that Tom belongs to is doomed to fail. Even though she does take on Tom's way of living during their affair, she only becomes more vulgar and corrupt like the rich. She scorns people from her own class and loses all sense of morality. Myrtle never finds a place in Tom's higher social division, and what reveals her impertinence most is that she thought she would succeed in the first place, giving up all her morals for the wealthy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Undoubtedly, Tom and Daisy Buchanan exceedingly demonstrate the wealthy class's lack of integrity. Their lives are filled with material comforts and luxuries and completely empty of true purpose. Daisy's lament is especially indicative of this: 'What'll we do with ourselves this afternoon? And the day after that? And the next thirty years?'; Daisy also exhibits her shallowness when she is too restless to wait for her 'love', Gatsby, to return from he war, and she marries Tom. Her most drastic immoral action is committed when she runs over Myrtle and does not even bother to stop and help a person that is 'below' her. Daisy's husband, Tom shows his ridiculous morality in different ways. One way is his search for power, which is shown most through his affair with Myrtle and his possessiveness. He evidently feels further domination and masculinity when he has her, a woman of lower class, as his mistress. Secondly, Tom Buchanan is shallow enough to think that everything and everyone he has in his life are part of his property. This increases his 'power' and makes him feel as if he is truly successful. This couple, Tom and Daisy certainly contain serious corruptness due to their shallowness and self-indulgence.

Building effective technical skills

Chief operating officer The organization is headed by the COO. All the department heads will be reporting to him. The activities of all departments will be assessed and approved by him. 1. Legal & Statutory department: This department is represented by the Manager – Regulatory affairs. He will take care of all regulatory registrations, their renewals, their compliances, disputes arising due to non compliances, etc. He will be a line employee reporting to the COO. 2. Human Resources Department: Manager – HRD is the head of this department.He is a line employee who takes care of recruitment, training, remunerations, discipline, appraisals, outsourced services, etc. An Officer- HR, a staff employee reports to the Manager – HR. He takes care of time office, salaries and wages, documentation, coordination with other departments, etc. 3. Finance Department: Manager – Finance is the head of the department. He is a line employee taking care of budgeting, fund plan ning, taxations, accounting, auditing, etc. He is assisted by an accountant, a staff employee, who takes care of documentation, cash flow, ledger maintenance, day book maintenance, etc.Cashier, a staff employee takes care of billings, cash transactions, cash deposition, etc. He reports to the Manager – Finance. 4. Sales & Marketing Department: Manager – Sales & Marketing heads the department. He is a line employee taking care of market research, planning, promotions, advertisements, store design & set up, sales, customer feedbacks and complaints, etc Building effective technical skills 04 Executive – Market Research, a line employee having a sound knowledge about the type of books reports to Manager – Sales & Marketing. He utilizes his skills to forecastcustomer requirements and identify an adapted product mix from time to time. Executive – Media is a line employee, reporting to the Manager – Sales & marketing, taking care of media and magaz ine advertisements, promotional programs, etc. Executive – Stores Operations, a line employee, reports to the manager – Sales & Marketing. He is responsible for the store design, displays, maintenance, etc. He co ordinates with the Inventory department to organize stocks. Retail sales persons are staffs reporting to the Executive – Stores Operations. They take care of sales at various sales counters or sales zones.They are responsible for the packing and forwarding of the purchased books to the delivery department. 5. Inventory Department: Manager – Inventory heads the department. His span management includes procurement, warehouse management, inventory control, etc. He co ordinates with the Manager – Sales & marketing to ensure that the stock levels are maintained properly. Purchase assistant, a staff employee reports to the Manager – Inventory. He takes care of purchase order preparations, stock receipts, inward stocks verification, return of damaged stocks, etc. Stores assistant reports to the Manager – Inventory and he is a staff.He takes care of warehouse management, inventory control, documentation, etc. 6. Systems Department – Executive – Systems, is a line employee taking care of computer hardware, billing software, etc used by the organization. He reports to the COO. Co ordination Mechanism: The co ordination mechanism in such a book store is as follows. The Executive – Market research makes a thorough study of the market and prepares an adapted product mix. This is sent to the Manager – Inventory. The Stores assistant assesses the stock situation in the book store and the warehouse. He sends a stock report to the Manager – Inventory.Based on the market requirements and the stock situation, the Manager – Inventory prepares the Procurement plan. He directs the Purchase assistant to conduct purchases based on the procurement plan. This cycle repeats on a regular f requency. Comparison of a traditional book store and an online book store This is a traditional bookstore, operated by a traditional Hierarchical structure. The quantum of work involved is more and hence a relatively higher number of employees are employed. The information flows from the top level to the bottom level through paper correspondences or mail communications.These shops are slow in adapting to the market changes. The stocks are usually built and maintained based on the market forecasts. Hence, this type of stores usually carries a large inventory and hence requires a lot of space. This has a direct impact on the financial overheads. The book stores like â€Å"Barnes & Noble†, â€Å"Amazon† or â€Å"Border† are online bookstores since 90’s. They are E enabled business concerns. They make use of the web and the Information and communication Technology (ICT). Hierarchical flow of information is less. The flow of information is through digital mode and fast.They usually maintain low inventories. They take the order from the customers, procure the requirements from the suppliers and deliver them to the customers directly. Their inventory carrying costs are much lower. The quantum of work involved is less and the flow of information is more. The savings due to the reduction in the inventory levels are passed on to the customers. References 1. Electronic Commerce: Opportunities and Challenges by Syed Mahbubur Rahman, Mahesh Raisinghani 2. The E-Commerce Book by Steffano Korper and Juanita Ellis. 3. Electronic Commerce: The New Business Platform for the Internet by Debra Cameron

Character Analysis of Aminata: Book of Negroes Essay

The Book of Negroes by Lawerence Hill started as a story of the capture of a West African girl and her journey to become a slave. Her traumatizing experience was written with a desperate tone that was achieved through the use of literary devices such as metaphors and alliteration. Emphasis was put on the conflict between Aminata and society which helped to develop her as a hopeful character. â€Å"We walked for many suns, growing slowly in members, lumbering forward until we were an entire town. Each time, people swarmed out to stare at us. Initially, I believed that the villagers were coming to save us. Surely they would oppose this outrage. But they only watched and sometimes brought out captors roasted meat in exchange for cowrie shells and chunks of salt. Some night when they had us lie down in fields, our captors paid village women to cook for us-yams, millet cakes, corn cakes, sometimes with a bubbling peppered sauce. We ate in small groups, crouching around a big calabash, spooning out the hot food with the curved fingers of our right hand. While we ate, our captors negotiated with local chiefs. Ever chief demanded payment for passage through his land. Every night, our captors bartered and bickered well into the evening. I tried to understand, in the hope of leaning something about where we were going and why† (p. 34, Hill). In this quotation, Aminata’s journey is described with a bleak and demoralizing tone. The journey of Aminata and her hostages lasted â€Å"for many suns† and wore down their hope for freedom and their faith in humanity. The hostages continued â€Å"lumbering forward† as â€Å"an entire town of kidnapped peoples,† with no hope of being saved. When â€Å"people swarmed out to stare at us †¦ e initially believed that the villagers were coming to save us. † Eventually the captives realize that the people are only interested in making exchanges with their captors. This leaves the hostages with the forlorn realization that no one would make an attempt to liberate them. The captives were demoralized further when they â€Å"crouched around a big calabash, spooning out hot food with the curved fingers of our right hands. † As captives, the native West Africans were treated as less than human. Like animals, they were forced to gather around a bucket of food and eat without tools. The lack of respect and dignity given to the captives corrupted their sense of self-worth until there was little left but the instinct to survive. Literary devices are a key element in setting the tone of this novel. As the captives were continuing they were â€Å"slowly growing in number†¦ until we were an entire town of kidnapped people. † This metaphor emphasizes the number of prisoners the captors have taken hostage and that the group goes far beyond Aminata. It also emphasizes the amount of power the captors have other the captives. Even though the captives outnumber the captors, the captors are still capable of preventing any rebellion and power within the hostages. Another literary device that highlights the hopeless situation of the captives is parallel structure. On their journey they â€Å"passed village after village, and town after town. † The us of parallel structure creates a sense that the journey of the slaves is perpetual and induces the feeling that the slaves are stuck on a ceaseless journey. This also contributes to the hopeless mood of the novel; with no end in sight the slaves find little to look forward to. Although the captives lose hope in their future, Aminata manages to keep a part of herself hopeful and this is essential to her characterization. Aminata knows that there is a very small chance of escaping, but she also knows that if she has more knowledge of the captor’s plans, she has a better chance at freedom: â€Å"Every night I heard the captors barter and bicker well into the evening. I tried to understand, in the hope of learning something about where they were going, and why. † This also demonstrates her thirst for knowledge. Growing up Aminata strived to learn reading and writing and any other skills she could. She does not let go of this part of herself even in her futile situation. As well as being hopeful and clever, Aminata proves to be innocent and naive. While travelling through villages she believes â€Å"the villagers were coming to save us. Surely they would oppose this outrage. † But Aminata eventually realises that the villagers are not interested in freeing the captives. The only concern the villagers have is to make deals with the captors. Her ideals, that the people of her country would band together to bring a stop to their exploitation, are crushed and strips her of her innocence on her journey to slavery. Aminata finds herself in many conflicts with many different elements. One example is the conflict between her and society. Society viewed Aminata and her fellow prisoners as less than human and with little value. The slaves were treated like animals, â€Å"people swarmed out to stare at us†. They are seen as another species and not as people with intelligence and skills. But contrary to the beliefs of the society, Aminata is an intelligent and skillful girl whose thirst for knowledge is never put to rest. She continues to try â€Å"to understand the chiefs, in the hope of learning something. She also knows how to read and write which is considered extremely valuable in her culture. But because society views slaves as non humans who are not capable of being intellectual, Aminata’s capabilities are not seen by others and she is continual seen as an inferior. The Book of Negroes tells a story about the degrading experience many had to go through because they were seen as inferior. This degradation is apparent through the demoralizing and bleak tone. But Aminata manages to keep hope and a clear head and provide a beacon for herself and others around her. She continues to expand her horizon of knowledge and aspire to better herself. Although she is faced against the power or society, Aminata holds strong to herself and carries on. Her story is told with the use of literary devices such as parallel structure and metaphors to emphasize the desperation and inadequacy of her journey. She manages to look past all the horrors that surround her and hope for a better future, and perhaps with her strong will and knowledge she will achieve this someday.

Business Models and Systems Essays - Walgreens, Pharmacy

Business Models and Systems Essays - Walgreens, Pharmacy Business Models and Systems BUS/210 February 21, 2014 Business Models and Systems A local business I use frequently is Walgreens. Walgreens, as business commerce, is a blend of retail, pharmacy, and health care, and has a variety of products such as toiletries, beauty products, cleaning supplies, photo processing, and even some hardware items. The stores are small, clean, and convenient. The staff is always friendly and willing to help you locate products. The prices of their products are not always the lowest but the convenience and friendliness of the staff make the shopping experience pleasant and quick. As a business occupation, Walgreens offers a pharmacy and more recently, the Take Care Clinic. The pharmacy has a variety of over the counter medications as well as the ability to fill prescriptions. The pharmacy staff, including the pharmacist, is knowledgeable and willing to take the time to answer your questions without making the customer feel rushed or insignificant for asking a question. Customers can also take advantage of a walk in clinic called the Take Care Clinic and receive health care services like immunizations, blood pressure screenings, and illness treatment. If the reason for the customers visit to the clinic requires a prescription, it can be sent electronically to the pharmacy of choice, and if that happens to be Walgreens, the prescription is ready soon after the appointment is complete. The business organization of Walgreens consists of managers and employees. Managers, store and assistant, assign tasks to the employees and oversee the daily store operations. The employees receive the assigned tasks and complete these tasks, whether it is stocking or running a register. Managers and employees work together to provide a convenient, well-stocked store with a pleasant shopping atmosphere.

Agroclimate Factors of Oil Palm in Nigeria

Agroclimate Factors of Oil Palm in Nigeria EFE S. I. AWARITEFE O. D. ABSTRACT . Using multiple correlation analysis and student ‘t’test, the Agroclimate factors of Oil Palm production was examined for ten years periods. Result showed that Agroclimate factors (sunshine, temperature and rainfall) are highly correlated with oil palm yield. This is evident from a multiple correlation of 74%. It was also observed that oil palm yield is more in the dry season than in the wet season. INTRODUCTION Any agricultural system is a man-made ecosystem that depends on climate to function just like the natural ecosystem. The main climatic elements that affect crop production are solar radiation, temperature and moisture. These climatic parameters and other depend on them, largely determine the global distribution of crops yield and livestock (Ayoade, 1993). He stresses further that climate elements exert an influenced on all stages of the agricultural production chain, including land preparation, sowing, crop growth and manageme nt, harvesting, storage, transport and marketing. This view has earlier be noted by Oguntoyinbo (1983) when he attributed the donation of the cocoa and kola-nut belt in southwest, oil palm bush in southeast and the north south ridge of river Niger comprising area of groundnut, cotton and rice cultivation to these climate vagaries. However, climate influence on oil palm has attracted the attention of some scholars over the years. Amongst whom are Manning (1956), Broekman (1963), Oshodi (1966); and Hartley (1988). An examination of their views shows that Manning (1956), outlined the rainfall requirements of selected food and commercial crops grown in West Africa, and he opined that the mean annual rainfall for oil palm is between 1500— 3000mm in West African Countries. Devuyst (1963) correlated oil palm yield with the influence of rainfall alone; using the concept of useful rainfall. His work however showed a positive correlation. He regarded rainfall as the sole agent influenc ing oil palm yield, and consequently considers any yield maxima to originate in wet season. Broekman (1963) accepted the view of Devuyst but differs in his finding. He stressed that dry season rainfall is positively correlated with oil palm yield. To him, it is reasonable to except that the amount of rainfall during the dry season will be of particular importance, as moisture is a limiting factor during this period. On the other hand, Oshodi (1966) computed the effective growth energy index for some selected crops in Nigeria. The index was however based on only temperature and rainfall. The Effective Growth Energy (E.G.E) for oil palm in Nigeria is 250-300Â °F. Harley (1988) stated that oil palm yields are correlated with dry season rainfall with measures of effective sunshine, which take into account the distribution of such rainfall in’ the dry season. It is clear from the foregoing that rainfall and temperature correlation with oil palm has been substantiated, however, th e relationship between sunshine and oil palm yield, as well as the joint contribution of sunshine, rainfall and temperature, has not be substantiated. Similarly there are divergent views on the relationship between the seasons and oil palm yield. Also, since the establishment of Nigeria Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR) in 1939 there have been a relative neglect in the development of Agroclimatological Research Unit in the institute. While other research units (Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Engineering Research, Agronomy, Biochemistry, Chemistry, Extension and On-Farm Adaptive Research, Entomology, Plant Breeding, Plant Pathology, Plant Physiology and Statistics) have been developed. What exists in that unit is a dilapidated weather station where climate data’s are collected and never used for research purposes. So, the present study of Agroclimatic factors of oil palm yield in Nigeria is borne out of the desire not only to fill the above gaps, but to proffer use ful suggestion that will guide both the oil palm farmers, and the NIFOR officials on the need to plan with the climate of the area. Therefore, the aim of the study is to examine the extent to which temperature, sunshine and rainfall correlate with oil palm yield.

What is a Theoretical Approach Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What is a Theoretical Approach - Coursework Example However, even if the philosophical topic is a changeable topic that cannot be sufficed by the formation of theories that try to explain such broad and complex concepts, formation of a comprehensive and all inclusive theoretical framework can give us an explicit way to aid in tracing and identifying any territory of philosophy. This would further increase our understanding of philosophical concepts, which are purported to be beyond human understanding (Costa, 2002). A theoretical approach refers to an organized set of principles put forward by an interested party in the study of a topic of interest put bring forth their conceptualization of a matter of importance. This theoretical approach must follow a given methodological approach to put it in the required context to further understanding. A prescriptive theoretical approach aims at explaining what a concept under study should be. It outlines definitions in order to give concept under study meaning that can be used to further unders tanding. This approach is not concerned about past events but focuses on the future to guide an analysis. A descriptive theoretical approach aims at explaining what philosophy has been by looking at the past.... Aristotle can indeed, be considered a theorist given the numerous contributions in philosophy through theories highlighted in his book, Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle contributed greatly in the explanation of concepts of human lives jointly with other theorists such as Plato (Ackrill, 1981). The theorist presented ideas on matters that pertains happiness sequentially to bring comprehension of the origin and other dynamics of happiness. According to Aristotle, happiness was reliant on individuals instead of other people around humans. Aristotle presented critical thinking concerning the pursuit of happiness in the world. Aristotle modified and incorporated observations concerning happiness thus presenting the intricate and reasonable theory concerning happiness. Aristotle utilized or presented intricate situation in his works as a theorist using skill and comprehension of concepts in order to develop ideas that were applied in formulating theories (Ackrill, 1981). The situation that Ar istotle structured in order to come up with the theories in philosophy and other fields were meant to serve a clear purpose within the contexts of the structured theories. In various works presented in the book, Nicomachean Ethics, certain ideas or concepts offered by Aristotle were never immediately important although other relevant ideas got presented by other theorist in response to either add on or deduct irrelevant ideas. Aristotle developed ideas that he presented in his works, through stepwise methodology, to ensure that the problems that were presented go solved perfectly although it is not certain that the ideas were facts or fiction. Aristotle can

The potential for gaining weight is higher when work is for a night Essay

The potential for gaining weight is higher when work is for a night shift rather than day and evening shift - Essay Example Conventionally, the innate biological clock have more often been overlooked and set aside by its anatomic owner because of changes in lifestyle, and because of economic developments which is now more of intensified productivity to cope with increasing demand. Consequently, organizational operations maybe 24/7, which requires at most 3 different sets of workers. So, there are those that are assigned to day shift. There are also separate set of workers assigned for the evening shift. And, another set is assigned for the night shift. The workers assigned for the day shift are the most likely set of people who obeys the law of nature in terms of meeting the number of hours for rest at a particular time of the night that the body has been accustomed to while growing up. Thus, given that the same set of people eats at regular interval, a balance diet, then, biological physiologic functions of the body can be presumed to run normal as well as body size and weight. Conversely, the potential for gaining weight is higher when work is for a night shift rather than day and evening shift.

Fashion Marketing and Promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fashion Marketing and Promotion - Essay Example As maybe part of my artistic inclinations, is my personal quest to be highly fashionable and trendy, always up to date with the latest styles in fashion and beauty. I have a watchful eye towards the latest clothing designs, keeping track of famous brands and its new clothing lines. I am as interested in creating designs as well as finding the right strategy to market it, thus my current course fits me perfectly. At the moment, I feel like I am being molded into the profession that I eventually wish to embark in. I do not only practice my creativity, but also learn the science behind it. I get to understand the marketing concepts, create marketing ideas and be in touch with every aspect that makes up a really good brand. I am geared towards brand and product management, marketing and design all at the same time. And I feel that I am ready to learn more by advancing to the next step, which is being hands on in real company, with more tasks and greater responsibilities to handle. Moving from China to London has been inevitable, yet the crossover proved to be beneficial, as I am now exposed to another culture, with relatively other ways to execute creative concepts, and a totally different perspective to look from. The new opportunities fueled my desire to pursue a career in this field. I have met new people, explored new grounds and realized many other abilities that I have. This even prompted me to look beyond my initial goals and saw a whole lot of other opportunities for me to conquer. As a Marketing student, I have moved on to find interests in media and communications as a whole. Having spent the last few years being immersed in retail operations, I now understand that it takes a good communication plan and media connections to be able to successfully market my products. Â  

Characterisation in 2D Animations

Characterisation in 2D Animations The main problem that animation faces is that it is an overtly fake diegetic form. The viewer is presented with a constructed reality of drawings and paintings, which may represent the real world, but unlike photographic film, does not look like it. The challenge therefore is to create characters that may believably inhabit their particular diegetic reality. Animators have strived to find a way to resolve this issue through their character design and an awareness of how to deliver narrative information through their characters. This essay will illustrate the solutions that animators have found to make their audiences believe what is put in front of them. In 1914 Winsor McCay took up the (self-imposed) challenge of making dinosaurs live again via animation. The result was Gertie the Dinosaur a semi-live act with McCay performing onstage with the projected film behind him. Gertie herself was obviously an animated projection and to make her believable she had to have a strong individual character. McCay achieved this through his own interactions with the character of Gertie. He talks to her and asks her to perform tricks, which she obliges to do. We are also drawn attention to the fact that she is thirsty and she drains a lake. The performance would climax with her picking up McCay (as he exits the stage.) and bounding of the screen with him on his back. Through this series of call and response between the live action McCay and the animated Gertie, McCay creates the illusion of human understanding within the animated dinosaur. There is also at one point a look of glee in her face after a fight scene when she throws the defeated mammoth into a lake. Through the human interaction and the animation McCay has anthropomorphically endowed the animated creature with human emotions: he has made her believable to the audience by giving her recognizable human traits. In his book Understanding Animation Paul Wells recognizes that the use of attributing animated animal characters anthropomorphic characteristics has become a mainstay of character development. It will be discussed in further detail later in the essay. The basic principles of characterization as a narrative strategy in animation have been summed up by Wells. The character may be understood through its costume or construction, its ability to gesture or move and the associative aspects of its design. It is pertinent at this point to discuss these aspects of character design. Regardless of if an animated character is an animal or human, animators rarely try to completely reproduce natural form. As such the problem is that they are presenting viewers with unnatural looking beings. If the viewer is to accept the characters shown before them, the characters themselves must be presented as believable. This is why animators rely on exaggeration of individual features to suggest certain character types. Halas and Manvelldescribe this in their book the technique of film Animation. Characterization is achieved by the distortion of shapes and forms big eyes, big mouth, big nose, large head small body etc. What is stressed by animators is the gesturing parts of the body, particularly the features of the head. The eyes, nose, mouth and ears are all vital in creating the illusion of human emotion. There is a general rule of thumb with regards to which shapes go with what characters: kind gentle characters tend to have soft rounded faces with wide smiles and large rounded eyes. Porky Pig is a great example of this principle. He is the embodiment of the jolly fat man. Villains on the other hand are much more angular. They often have a rather sharp chin and small eyes and a crooked mouth that somehow lends itself to a wicked smile. They are often presented as grotesque, much like the Evil queen in Snow White and her incarnation as the old crone. These generalizations serve as visual shorthand for the viewer; they optimise the impact of the character through economy and allow the viewer to make connections and process narrative information about the characters more quickly. In the words of W ells, animation manages to compress a high degree of narrative information into a limited period of time through a process of condensation. This method of economy and condensation was born out of functionality as much as anything. Partially it was due to the fact that cartoons are usually very short. As such narrative information has to be delivered with great speed. Also when television became the dominant domain of the animated short, characters had to be easily recognizable on the small screen. Its much easier to do this by recognizing one or two strong individual characteristics than several small ones. Most importantly however the simpler that a character is to draw, the quicker they become to reproduce. They rely on caricature and stereotype to relay narrative information quickly and succinctly. Halas and Manvell go on in their book to describe the visual style of Tom and Jerry in terms of the aesthetic principles of animation: The drawing and coloring have an economy and a visual impact that matches the overwhelming vitality and sometimes the crudity of the action and characterization. This highlights the importance of economy. Extraneous details can confuse the situation and detract from overall characterization. What is needed is a just a couple of well-chosen details. In 1917 Max Fleischer invented the rotoscope. This device allowed animators to successfully mimic natural movement by blowing up still frames of photography and allowing the animator to copy them exactly. Max and his brother Dave were both inspired by the work of Winsor McCay and between them were instrumental in the development of both technological and character development of animation. The rotoscope worked by using a drawing board with a frosted glass center. One frame of photography at a time was shone onto the glass and the image was traced. It provided an accurate reference of movement and articulation so that on screen movement could be replicated with a lot more fluidity. By doing this animators were able to draw more complicated figures in a believable and convincing way. Richard Willams has drawn examples of some of these more complicated characters in his book the animators survival kit. The examples that will be discussed here are the representation of the young and old woman as drawn by Williams. By taking two examples of opposing but similar characters, we can see how the rotoscope paved the way for the development of characterization in animation. The young woman is characterized mainly be her curvaceous figure. She has a strong convex curve along her back and an hourglass figure that extenuates her breast, slim waist and shoulders. She stands upright and tall. She also has sleek long legs and flowing long hair. This form communicates her youth vitality and energy. The old woman by contrast has a much rounder concave curve of the back, which seems to curve round into her body giving her a rounded torso. The breast is also molded into this rounded torso that desexualizes her. Her hair is also shorter. She is hunched forward making her look tired and weary. The lower body is also rounded and she wears a long skirt to cover the legs. In contrast we see only the ankles and feet of the old woman and she is given short dumpy legs. These two examples s how the importance of form and shape in delivering character information. These two figures could represent the same character at different ages but the presentation of form provides us with completely different information about the characters. Williams also stresses the importance of movement to illustrate character. As stated earlier this art of animation was greatly enhanced by the development of the rotoscope. The way that a character moves can be fluid and smooth which would suggest grace or elegance. Alternatively movements can be jerky or plodding, which will in turn infer characteristics of weakness or foolishness. Again he uses examples to discuss and illustrate the main differences between the masculine and feminine walk. The feminine walk is smooth and elegant. She keeps her legs close together and as such the footsteps run straight along the line of action. As a result there is very little up and down body movement. The feminine walk seems to glide along the line of action. The masculine walk however is much more aggressive. The feet are kept well apart, far out from the line of action. The masculine walk is a full on stride, which makes the character as wide as possible. There is much more up and down movement on the body. This makes the walk much more kinetic and at the same time suggests power and strength. Much like the generalizations about character form, these conventions can be subverted to comic effect or to deliver more information. For example a Masculine walk may become a drunken walk if the feet are allowed to cross the line of action. (I.E. if the right foot passes across the center of the body and steps down on the left and vice versa.) Through these examples it is clear that the way that the animator makes the character move is vital to characterization. The Fleischer brothers were also responsible for two of the most beloved cartoon characters of the thirties: Popeye and Betty Boop. These two characters are archetypes of hero and heroine character traits. It seems only fitting therefore to discuss how these characters are so distinct, and the methods used to give them such strong individual identities. Popeye originally appeared in Comic strip form some years before his screen debut in 1933. During this time of American economic depression he was a figure of aspiration for the workingman. As a navy man he had a career that stood for American strength and pride; this also made him stand out as the champion of the just causes. As such he was the embodiment of the strong everyman in times of hardship. He is identified as a sailor by the uniform that he wears with style and pride. He embodies the macho sailor stereotype by striding along with a sailors walk, feet apart rocking from side to side. He also has the iconic tattoo of an anchor on his arm; this marks him out as a man who figuratively wears his heart on his sleeve. His physical appearance is defined by the exaggeration of his muscle; importantly however Popeyes strength comes from eating spinach. Although he is always strong and muscular, it is not until he eats the spinach that he has the strength needed to defeat Bluto. After he has eaten the spinach his forearms are inflated to appear three times the normal size. As Wells points out Popeyes masculinity is predominantly defined by the association between his own organic expansion and the strength of hard metal or machines. As his muscles grow they either transform shape into anvils or air brakes or we see moving pictures of locomotives or battleships on his form arms. Po peyes physical strength therefore is amplified by the imagery but he also associated with American mechanical or military strength. Popeye is remembered for his fights with Bluto but the important thing to bear in mind is that he is not a troublemaker and is usually a very amiable character. He has the characteristic rounded face of the jolly fat man. He walks around with a smile making jokes to himself and being generally full of life. There is also his voice that characterizes him as a salty old piece of seaweed. It is only when his girlfriend Olive Oil is put in jeopardy that he is called into fight; thus he is characterized as a rescuer rather than a man of violence. Betty Boop first appeared in 1930 in the cartoon Dizzy Dishes. Her Face and body defined her femininity; she has a large head with huge childish doe eyes and full red lips. She also has the typical hourglass figure with a full bust that shows of a lot of cleavage. She was also a dancer and her movement and walk were characterized mainly by the feminine swing of the hips. After the first cartoon her skirts got smaller and smaller and she became much more overtly sexualized. She was an embodiment of femininity or at least the male fantasy of femininity. The blend of sexual charge and childlike innocence that came through mainly from her eyes and her distinctive voice disturbed the censors. Her raunchiness was toned down after the Hayes code of 1934. Now that the development of human characterization has been addressed; it is important at this point to addresses the role of anthropomorphism again. The rise and success of the animation of Walt Disney, Chuck Jones and Tex Avery are prime examples of how the lending of human characteristics to animals and vice versa has created some of the must vivid and enduring icons of animation. Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck et al have become such fixed images in the popular psyche that it is important to understand what made these characters so memorable. When dealing with animals we must bear in mind the association that people already have with those particular beasts. Any given animal will have a mythology and literary tradition that comes with it; by being away of these traditions animators have been able to associate these ancient traditions with their own creations. For example foxes are sly and cunning; sharks are ferocious and unforgiving; horse and lions are heroic and noble creatures both ferocious yet majestic. When an animator is devising a character they tend to marry the preconceived ideas that people have about a particular beast with the traits they desire for their character. This is what wells calls associative relations and opens the form of animation into a narrative dialectic that requires an extra-textual understanding on behalf of the viewer. A good example of how the principle of associative relations works would be Kaa from The Jungle Book. The snake has a literary history that dates back to the story of Adam and Eve. It was the seductive yet untrustworthy snake that facilitated mans fall from paradise. The snake is sly; professing friendship but always has his own agenda. The snake glides along the flow in a smooth fluid motion, which is at once deadly and seductive. Kaa is attributed with these characteristics through legend and association. This is further illustrated by his ability of hypnotism, which is of course a human discipline. He talks to Mowgli and soothes him to sleep with soft words and hypnosis in order to eat him. In dealing with associations that are so deeply rooted in the common psyche the characters themselves become instantly memorable. Animal characteristics can also be applied to human characters. Heroes are often seen riding horses; the horse itself is a creature of nobility and heroism; and the tradition of the hero on horse back is one that has permeated every folklore around the globe. The human therefore basks in the reflective glory of its animal companion. The best way to summarize the use of anthropomorphism in characterization is to say that the human in the animal identifies the human character within. In turn the animal in the human illustrates and enriches the character of the human. Animators create artificial worlds and diegetic domains for characters to inhabit. As mentioned at the outset of this essay the problem is that the animated world we are presented with is so overtly fake that it is a challenge to make the characters believable. Animators exploit the fantasy element of their work; they draw attention to the fact that we are presented with talking pigs and indestructible heroes through comic exaggeration of their abilities and their follies. However what Animators do manage to do; is insert enough natural movement and recognizable human emotion into their creations that we except them fully as real believable characters within their own right. Bibliography Bordwell and Thompson. (2001) Film Art: An Introduction, New York: McGraw Hill. Canemaker, J. (ed.) (1988) Storytelling in Animation: The Art of the Animated Image Vol. 2, Los Angeles: AFI. Griffin, H. (2001) The Animators guide to 2D Computer Animation, Oxford: Focal Press, Halas, J and Manvell, R. (1968) The Technique of Film Animation, Norwich: Focal press Limited. Wells, P. (1998) Understanding Animation, New York: Routledge. Williams, R. (2001) The Animators Survival Kit, New York: Faber and Faber.